La protezione dei dati sensibili è uno stringente obbligo deontologico e legale, non una scelta individuale del professionista psicologo o psichiatra.
La Legge 675/96 prevede che il responsabile del trattamento dei dati personali, soprattutto se sensibili (quali i dati concernenti lo stato di salute di una persona), sia chiamato direttamente a rispondere delle procedure messe in atto per salvaguardarne la riservatezza e proteggerli da eventuali intrusioni. Il DPR 318/99 definisce le cosiddette "misure minime", ovvero le misure di sicurezza previste ma non definite per la tutela informatica dei dati sensibili di cui alla 675/96. In esso, si fa esplicito riferimento a generici "programmi di sicurezza" (per i quali il legislatore intende, secondo i pareri dei principali esperti di legislazione informatica, antivirus e firewall, integrati dove necessario da programmi di crittografia).
Si riportano di seguito gli articoli della 675/96 di maggiore interesse per i temi trattati:
Art. 15 - Sicurezza dei dati
1. I dati personali oggetto di trattamento devono essere custoditi e controllati, anche in relazione alle conoscenze acquisite in base al progresso tecnico, alla natura dei dati e alle specifiche caratteristiche del trattamento, in modo da ridurre al minimo, mediante l'adozione di idonee e preventive misure di sicurezza, i rischi di distruzione o perdita, anche accidentale, dei dati stessi, di accesso non autorizzato o di trattamento non consentito o non conforme alle finalità della raccolta.
2. Le misure minime di sicurezza da adottare in via preventiva sono individuate con regolamento emanato con decreto del Presidente della Repubblica (...)
3. Le misure di sicurezza di cui al comma 2 sono adeguate (...) con cadenza almeno biennale, con successivi regolamenti emanati con le modalità di cui al medesimo comma 2, in relazione all'evoluzione tecnica del settore e all'esperienza maturata."
Art. 18 - Danni cagionati per effetto del trattamento di dati personali
1. Chiunque cagiona danno ad altri per effetto del trattamento di dati personali è tenuto al risarcimento ai sensi dell'articolo 2050 del codice civile."
Art. 36. (Omessa adozione di misure necessarie alla sicurezza dei dati)
1. Chiunque, essendovi tenuto, omette di adottare le misure necessarie a garantire la sicurezza dei dati personali, in violazione delle disposizioni dei regolamenti di cui ai commi 2 e 3 dell'articolo 15, è punito con la reclusione sino ad un anno. Se dal fatto deriva nocumento, la pena è della reclusione da due mesi a due anni.
2. Se il fatto di cui al comma 1 è commesso per colpa si applica la reclusione fino a un anno."
Come si può vedere, non solo chi omette dolosamente di adottare le misure di sicurezza necessarie compie un illecito; ma il secondo comma dell'articolo 36 prevede e sancise anche una responsabilità colposa per omessa adozione di misure di sicurezza (da specificare nel regolamento, di cui al DPR 318/99). Poiché il contenuto della colpa è rappresentato, secondo il dettato dell'articolo 43 del codice penale, da "negligenza, o imprudenza, o imperizia ovvero per inosservanza di leggi, regolamenti, ordini e discipline", è evidente che l'ipotesi della mancata utilizzazione di strumenti di protezione informatica può fondare anche in questo caso un giudizio di responsabilità per il non adempimento di quanto previsto dalla legge.
Per la nostra professione, la situazione è ulteriormente sottolineata anche dagli artt. 22 e 23.
Art. 22 - Dati sensibili
1. I dati personali idonei a rivelare l'origine razziale ed etnica, le convinzioni religiose, filosofiche o di altro genere, le opinioni politiche, l'adesione a partiti, sindacati, associazioni od organizzazioni a carattere religioso, filosofico, politico o sindacale, nonché i dati personali idonei a rivelare lo stato di salute e la vita sessuale, possono essere oggetto di trattamento solo con il consenso scritto dell'interessato e previa autorizzazione del Garante. "
Art. 23 - Dati inerenti alla salute
1. Gli esercenti le professioni sanitarie e gli organismi sanitari pubblici possono, anche senza l'autorizzazione del Garante, trattare i dati personali idonei a rivelare lo stato di salute, limitatamente ai dati e alle operazioni indispensabili per il perseguimento di finalità di tutela dell'incolumità fisica e della salute dell'interessato. Se le medesime finalità riguardano un terzo o la collettività, in mancanza del consenso dell'interessato, il trattamento può avvenire previa autorizzazione del Garante. (...)
4. La diffusione dei dati idonei a rivelare lo stato di salute è vietata, salvo nel caso in cui sia necessaria per finalità di prevenzione, accertamento o repressione dei reati, con l'osservanza delle norme che regolano la materia."
Ed ecco gli articoli delle "misure minime" (DPR 318/99), a cui siamo tutti tenuti ad adeguarci (si veda in particolare la sezione 2):
CAPO II: Trattamento dei dati personali effettuato con strumenti elettronici o comunque automatizzati
Sezione I
Trattamento dei dati personali effettuato mediante elaboratori NON accessibili da altri elaboratori o terminali
Art. 2 - Individuazione degli incaricati
1. Salvo quanto previsto dall'articolo 8, se il trattamento dei dati personali è effettuato per fini diversi da quelli di cui all'articolo 3 della legge mediante elaboratori non accessibili da altri elaboratori o terminali, devono essere adottate, anteriormente all'inizio del trattamento, le seguenti misure:
a) prevedere una parola chiave per l'accesso ai dati, fornirla agli incaricati del trattamento e, ove tecnicamente possibile in relazione alle caratteristiche dell'elaboratore, consentirne l'autonoma sostituzione, previa comunicazione ai soggetti preposti ai sensi della lettera b);
b) individuare per iscritto, quando vi è più di un incaricato del trattamento e sono in uso più parole chiave, i soggetti preposti alla loro custodia o che hanno accesso ad informazioni che concernono le medesime.
Sezione II
Trattamento dei dati personali effettuato mediante elaboratori accessibili in rete
Art. 3 - Classificazione
1. Ai fini della presente sezione gli elaboratori accessibili in rete impiegati nel trattamento dei dati personali sono distinti in:
a) elaboratori accessibili da altri elaboratori solo attraverso reti non disponibili al pubblico;
b) elaboratori accessibili mediante una rete di telecomunicazioni disponibili al pubblico.
Art. 4 - Codici identificativi e protezione degli elaboratori
1. Nel caso di trattamenti effettuati con gli elaboratori di cui all'articolo 3, oltre a quanto previsto dall'articolo 2 devono essere adottate le seguenti misure:
a) a ciascun utente o incaricato del trattamento deve essere attribuito un codice identificativo personale per l'utilizzazione dell'elaboratore; uno stesso codice, fatta eccezione per gli amministratori di sistema relativamente ai sistemi operativi che prevedono un unico livello di accesso per tale funzione, non può, neppure in tempi diversi, essere assegnato a persone diverse;
b) i codici identificativi personali devono essere assegnati e gestiti in modo che ne sia prevista la disattivazione in caso di perdita della qualità che consentiva l'accesso all'elaboratore o di mancato utilizzo dei medesimi per un periodo superiore ai sei mesi;
c) gli elaboratori devono essere protetti contro il rischio di intrusione ad opera di programmi di cui all'articolo 615 quinquies del codice penale, mediante idonei programmi, la cui efficacia ed aggiornamento sono verificati con cadenza almeno semestrale."
Come si può vedere, la situazione è molto più seria di quanto si possa pensare.
Un cliente o committente che porti in giudizio un professionista "informaticamente sprovveduto", in caso di malaugurata disseminazioni delle informazioni personali tramite strumenti informatici, non avrebbe la minima difficoltà a vincere la causa (ed a ragione).
Se si pensa inoltre che all'art. 31 della legge 675/96 è previsto, tra le mansioni del Garante per la Privacy, anche la "sottoscrizione di un codice di deontologia e buona condotta" in relazione alle tematiche della Privacy per gli appartenenti a determinati settori professionali, si può ben capire l'importanza che tali questioni possono rivestire per la nostra pratica professionale.
Sarebbe auspicabile un'azione di sensibilizzazione ed educazione da parte degli Ordini Professionali, perchè quella della riservatezza e della sicurezza dei dati sensibili è una dimensione fondamentale delle nostre professionalità.
Luca Pezzullo @ 2002 per Psychomedia Telematic Review
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SelfhelpMagazine Newsletter (TM)
Vol. 9 No. 6 April 18, 2003
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A free sampler of the most popular articles and resources
published in SelfhelpMagazine
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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
1. Feature Article # 1:
"When the Holidays Turn into a Signal for Help"
by Emily Carton, M.A., LSW
2. Feature Article # 2:
"Winston Churchill, Book Writing, and the Hope Spring
Brings"
by John A. Ingram, Ph.D.
3. Special SHM Feature: Virtual Meditation
4. Updated Discussion Forums
5. Psychtoons
6. Amazing Bookstore - Best Selling Titles
7. Job Openings
8. What You Can Contribute
9. Access our Web Site
10. Subscribing, Unsubscribing & FAQs
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SHM FEATURE ARTICLE # 1:
"When the Holidays Turn into a Signal for Help"
by Emily Carton, M.A., LSW
It is not uncommon for the phones of a social service agency
to ring after a major holiday. Family members who have not
seen each other for a long time get together and may be
shocked by what they see. Other families will see an older
relative outside his or her normal routine and be dismayed
by what they haven't noticed before. When an older person
has been able to compensate for his or her decline by verbal
and social skills, a family gathering is often the place
where the decline is "seen," for the first time. What you
will see might "hit" you like a slap in the face. You don't
want to believe it's true but it's there in black and white:
the unopened mail, the unpaid bills, the refrigerator full
of spoiled food or refrigerator with no food at all. It may
be the dirty clothes piled up in the bedroom of someone who
used to be meticulous about his or her dress. Or it may be
that suddenly relatives who have been out of sight are not
remember. And sometimes, it is simply a gut reaction that
something is not quite right.
What to do when you recognize that your older relative needs
help? Begin by staying calm. Your inclination may be to jump
in and try to resolve the situation all at once. This can be
overwhelming as well as unrealistic. You panic. You think of
what you have to do, when you can do it. You ask yourself
how you have suddenly become the responsible person for your
relative. Maybe you adore this person; maybe you never got
along. You need to step back and view this from another
angle.
This problem did not start yesterday. It was building over
time. It doesn't necessarily need to be solved overnight and
most likely, it can't.
You want to approach the situation without alarming the
person you care about. Regardless of what you find the older
person needs to be a part of the process. No one wants to be
told what to do. Think of this as a collaborative process
unless circumstances make that impossible. Saying too much
or offering too much too soon, may make your loved one more
defensive. Step back and slow down unless the situation is
life threatening.
* Start with small problems. Gently offer to help tidy
up the house or clean out the refrigerator while you are
there. This may be the only way to gather information and
get a better picture of what is happening. Think of yourself
as a detective.
* Gather information. Know what services are available.
One phone call to the local Area Office on Aging should
provide you phone numbers and places to call in your area.
Consider contacting the National Geriatric Care Managers
Association for the names of private care managers in the
area. When you need help you will know where to go.
* Talk to neighbors. Let them know what is going on.
Give them your phone number and ask that they be your second
eyes.
* Arrange with your relative's physician for a full
geriatric assessment to determine the cause of the problem.
* If your loved one is still in charge of his or her
finances, check the mail to see if bills are delinquent or
any large checks for cash have been written. Abnormally
large checks for cash are often an indication that the older
person is a likely candidate for exploitation. You can also
talk with the manager of your relative's bank to alert you
if any large amounts of cash are being taken. Find out if
there is a power of attorney who can step in and take
financial responsibility.
* Ask yourself before suggesting or arranging any
service: Am I am doing this for my own peace of mind or for
the well-being of my relative? Am I making decisions based
on my values or am I seeing a potentially dangerous
situation?
Hopefully, this scenario may never apply to you. However,
because of the nature of our lives, many of us do not live
in the same city as our older relatives. What we may find
after not seeing someone for a long period can be alarming,
but your relative may not experiencing it in the same way.
He or she may be focusing on the pleasure of your visit.
They may be in denial. They may not realize that anything is
the matter. They may be trying to compensate for their
losses. Try not to inadvertently take away your relatives
pleasure at seeing you or his sense of pride by focusing too
strongly on the things that aren't right. Instead, try to
weave what needs to be done into the holiday. Don't let it
dominate. The point of your visit was to celebrate the
holidays. You can still do this. Regardless of what faces
you ahead this is still a time for being together,
reminiscing, and creating experiences and memories worth
holding onto. It's important for your older relative. It's
important for you.
Area Offices on Aging: (800) 667-1116
National Association of Geriatric Care Managers (602)
881-8008
Emily Carton MA, LISW, is a licensed social worker who works
with Elder Options, a private care social service firm in
the DC Metropolitan Area. She is also an is an intern in
Bibliotherapy at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington D.C.
What do you think?
To find more articles by this author, run a search on her last
name on this:
Want to comment? Express Yourself!
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SHM FEATURE ARTICLE # 2:
"Winston Churchill, Book Writing, and the Hope Spring
Brings"
by John A. Ingram, Ph.D.
Got the seasonal doldrums or the blues often associated with
the winter months? Take heart in these thoughts from Winston
Churchill, pointing us to the encouraging lesson relevant to
"the middle of the middle."
The great English statesman and leader Winston Churchill
once likened writing a book to swimming a river. He
described the stimulating and pleasant feeling of getting
one's feet and ankles wet, wading in waist deep, and finally
kicking off the bottom altogether, striking out eagerly
toward the opposite shore. As the adventure progresses,
however, the water can feel colder than it seemed at first
and the current more swift than was initially estimated.
Thus, nearing the center of the river may include thoughts
about returning to the shore left behind, but looking back
confirms that it is now nearly as far away as the opposite
shore.
Resolutely gathering up strength, the intrepid swimmer
forges willfully toward the inviting but distant shoreline.
The "middle of the middle" is encountered, however, where
both the shore left behind and the shore lying ahead seem
much too far. Hope drains away and is replaced with feelings
ranging from frustration to fear (or perhaps anger or
seemingly overwhelming discouragement). This midpoint
Churchill described as "the middle of the middle," and he
commented that it seemed to him the most demoralizing and
depressing part of the entire journey for the swimmer (or
author, or anyone working through any significant sequence,
time period or project).
From "the middle of the middle" on, one often has to rely
on
sheer strength and determination or other resources, as well
as a more distant hope, to make it the rest of the way.
Finally, when the swimmer feels totally exhausted, cold, and
bedraggled, the opposite shore is encountered (or the hoped
for better time that was originally anticipated comes) and
the swimmer drags up on shore and collapses, not
particularly caring whether or not the journey was
victorious. The paradox here is that by the time the goal is
reached, or the season passed, the person doesn't really
care much one way or the other -- at least in the immediate
situation.
I teach in a graduate program that trains clinical
psychologists, yet we struggle with many of these same
feelings and experiences. Depression sweeps the psychology
building in January and February, and it often seems that
September is too far back, while the end of May is much too
far ahead. There is considerable hope out there for our
cold, straining swimmer at just this point, however. For
example, the seasonal "low point" in January and February is
well known, and highly predictable. Mondays generally
reflect the lowest self-reported mood level of the week.
Therefore, even a basic analysis would warn us that Mondays
in January and February are likely to feel like a "swimmer's
cramp" in "the middle of the middle."
One study of self-reported mood changes over the period of a
year revealed mood variations that lasted anywhere from two
to twelve weeks from "trough to trough" or "peak to
peak."
The mood patterns were remarkably stable for each
participant, with no person varying more than a week from
her or his established pattern over the yearlong reporting
period.
As a psychologist and professor I thought for long time that
the traditional academic year fit Mr. Churchill's
description very nicely, but that his notions were not as
applicable to the rest of the world. In practicing and
teaching these many years, however, I have come to note that
our North American school schedule was originally designed
to fit the prevailing weather patterns in order for children
to be involved in "book learning" when crops were dormant,
and available when harvest or other farm and ranch
activities demanded. Even in corporate business and other
environments seemingly increasingly distant from the
family-owned farm, traditional work and vacation times still
hold. For example, the time-share "red periods" (most
desirable weeks for use or trade) in the United States and
Canada are clearly set from June through August.
As we enter April, we may feel even more frustrated and
fatigued, but the good news is that we are nearer to the
opposite shore. Trees that appeared dead are coming back to
life; temperatures are warming us once again, and daylight
savings time is bringing long afternoons and easier contact
with friends and family members. By summer, most of us will
feel much better and be much more ready to make preparations
for when the next seasonal or personal river presents
itself.
A final thought is that, knowing these times are part of
nature and will come regardless of our preferences, it makes
sense to make appropriate preparations in the energized,
more idealistic times. Building and nourishing a network of
people who will be there when things aren't so easy is wise,
as well as developing skills and resources that will help in
time of need. Spring and blossoming has already begun this
year. Take heart -- the opposite shore is nearing rapidly,
and next time (with proper preparation) will be even better
yet!
John Ingram is a Professor of Psychology at the Rosemead
School of Psychology, Biola University. He teaches both
graduate and undergraduate psychology courses, as well as
provides psychotherapy and supervision at the Biola
University Counseling Center. His Ph.D. is in
Clinical-Community Psychology from the University of South
Carolina, and he also has some seminary training. His main
research interest is in the integration of psychology and
theology. He is also interested in the impact of postmodern
thought on psychological research and practice, as well as
telehealth, telemedicine, and telepsych issues.
Want to comment on this article? Express Yourself!
To find more articles by this author, run a search on his
last name from this page:
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SHM SPECIAL FEATURE:
"Virtual Meditation:
An opportunity for reverie,
contemplation and serenity."
We are fortunate to offer you "Virtual
Meditation," a collection of phenomenal and
soothing images. What you do is select a calming
photograph to view.
There are many things you might experience.
Looking at these beautiful pictures themselves
might bring joy or pleasant memories to you.
You might find that you relax by taking a "mental
vacation" for a short while to the site you
select below.
You might meditate for a while.
If you want to relax and meditate,
select a calming photograph. Sit back
and relax. Breathe gently, slowly and
calmly. Imagine you are there and
that you are feeling good and calm.
Allow your imagination to take you into a more and
more relaxed state.
The goal is to take a "break" from the stresses of
the day by slowing down and calming down so that
you become rested and more ready to deal with life
events. If you are new to this kind of relaxation
exercise, it may take some practice. Keep on doing
it. It will become easier and easier.
Simply click on the category below to start the slide show. Each page
contains a soothing image, automatically arranged
to change without your having to do a thing. Sit
back, relax, and allow yourself to experience the
essence of being alive. Here are the categories of
images you may select:
Landscapes, sunrises, and sunsets
Waterfalls and streams
Mountains, deserts, and snow scenes
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P S Y C H T O O N S
Remember: * Laughter is nature's best medicine *
For new funny cartoon pages visit our PsychToons
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